No it didn’t: heighth as a usage problem

Last week, the book Transatlantic Perspectives on Late Modern English came out, edited by Marina Dossena. It includes two papers that are of interest to this project, one by Ulrich Busse, which deals with the usage guides by Alford (1864) and White (1871), and the other one is by myself, on one of the earliest American English usage guides, Five Hundred Mistakes of Daily Occurrence (1856).

Five Hundred Mistakes doesn’t include 500 but 499 errors, or usage problems in our project’s sense of the term: the result of a typesetting error! But there are many additional instances in the introduction, so the actual tally amounts to many more.

It is a curious book, but a usage guide, as I argue in the paper, all the same. And since it is a usage guide, it contains usage problems. One of these is heighth (for height), a curious instance, since some people consider it a spelling error, others a pronunciation mistake. I think it is a feature of grammar (morphology), since as a variant (see the headword in the OED!) it would appear to be formed on the basis of analogy with words like breadth and length.

Anne Curzan refers to heighth in her wonderful new book Fixing English: Prescriptivism and Language History, published last year, and what she says about it is that though its pronunciation (!) “could easily enough be stigmatized as nonstandard, [it] has escaped prescriptive attention” (p. 31). No, it didn’t! It was already criticised in the earliest days of the American usage guide tradition. And it is also listed in Partridge’s Usage and Abusage, who regards it as a misspelling. These were just spot checks, so there may well be many more guides that list it.

The question is why it became a usage problem, since the OED still lists it as a variant, with many printed examples dating from the 16th to the 18th centuries. The OED entry has not as yet been updated, so it’ll be exciting to see what the editors are going to do with it by the time the reach this word.

 

 

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David vs Goliath: Oliver Kamm’s take on English usage

I have to admit that reading usage guides can get somewhat boring. Their authors, most of them prescriptivists and literally old-school, frequently use a similar set of usage problems discussing them in a similar manner and expressing similar attitudes. If you read one prescriptive usage guide, your second will most probably not rock your world. On my visit to Oxford last week, I discovered however a rather peculiar usage guide, whose title immediately caught my attention: Accidence will happen: The non-pedantic guide to English usage.

Written by Oliver Kamm, leader writer and columnist for The Times, this usage guide was only recently published by Weidenfeld & Nicolson and thus dethrones Steven Pinker’s Sense of Style as the most recent usage guide. What intrigued me was Kamm’s point of view on language, which definitely struck a chord with me. He emphasises how native speakers of English need to be reassured of being masters of their language and highlights the importance of knowing when to apply which register. This notion of appropriateness has already been discussed by Henry W. Mittins and his colleagues of the Attitudes to English Usage survey in the late 1960s who would have liked to see it replace the notion of correctness when it came to teaching. More than four decades later, Kamm advocates this view as well.

Oliver Kamm

On 280 pages Kamm debunks the one or the other myth on language usage and highlights the areas where the sticklocracy – pedants, purists and sticklers alike – is wrong in its approach to language. His advice is straightforward and breathes new life into the usage debate. The sticklocracy’s vociferous outrage over allegedly falling standards and the subsequent demise of society has met an interesting and defiant opponent whose view on language usage will most probably galvanise the usage debate once again.

 

 

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New in English Today: A Fuss about the Octopus

The March issue of English Today includes the latest feature article from our project in which I discuss the options English has to refer to more than one ‘octopus’ as well as a usage rhyme written on this specific topic.

Four of the main points addressed in the article A Fuss about the Octopus are:

  • What do usage guide authors advise regarding the plural of ‘octopus’?
  • According to three corpora, what plural appears to be used by people most often? Which plural would you use?
  • Do you think that rhymes about usage can be a useful memory aid?
  • Do you know any rhymes about usage?

Check out the English Today feature on this blog to find some answers to these questions. Also, feel free to share your ideas and personal answers to the questions I pose here in the comments below.

Note: you can read the full article on the English Today page of this website, or if you have access, download the original pdf from the website Cambridge Journals Online.

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Halting language change: Wikipedia Grammar Vigilante

Grammar vigilantes are not a novelty. Perhaps one of the best-publicized grammar crusades was the Great Typo Hunt, a nationwide mission by two young Americans who corrected hundreds of public typos during a three-month road trip and were imprisoned as a consequence. They describe their adventure in this book.

Nowadays grammar wars are largely waged online, as the recent example of the Wikipedia vigilante shows. Although people often complain about and comment on online usage, wikis – the collaborative online platforms with their editing-for-all options – allow individuals to do something about it and correct their pet peeves. A Wikipedia editor, Bryan Henderson, thus corrected 47,000 instances of ‘comprised of’ on the grounds of the expression’s redundancy, as he explains in detail in his Wikipedia essay. Better alternatives, Henderson suggests, are ‘composed of’ and ‘consist of’.

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According to the HUGE database, there are a number of usage problems that make it on the redundancy list (redundant words underlined), such as ‘equally as’, ‘meet up with’, ‘the reason is because’, double comparatives/superlatives such as ‘more warmer’, etc.

David Shariatmadari from the Guardian comments* on the crusade and concludes that personal preferences should not be imposed on everyone and that logical inconsistencies can’t be applied rigorously to natural languages.
However, the usage of ‘comprised of’ has moved beyond personal preferences.
Looking at the COHA corpus it is obvious that ‘{comprise/V} of’ is on the rise.

compriseAlthough linguistic change is often related to the less formal genres and spoken language, the case of ‘to be comprised of’ is among the exceptions, it is most commonly found in academic writing. There are obvious differences in usage between ‘comprise’ and ‘comprise of’. ‘Comprise of’ appears in the majority of instances in passive constructions ‘to be comprised of’ – and its active counterpart is not followed by a preposition:

‘The study comprised 451 persons’

‘The U.S. is comprised of many different cultural and linguistic groups’.

In spite of Henderson’s efforts to prevent this usage and halt ongoing linguistic change, it seems that the evidence from real language use in corpora is working against him.

The Telegraph featured a poll asking its readers if they considered Henderson to be a pedant or a hero. The majority (56%) decided on hero. Would you agree?

*Special thanks to Joan Beal for forwarding the article!

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Her Ladyship’s Guide to the Queen’s English

Source: Pavilion Books

This is one of the most recent usage guides in our HUGE database, published in 2010. For my book on the usage guide as a genre, I decided to read it from cover to cover, just as David Crystal did with Fowler’s Modern English Usage when he was working on his preface for the Oxford Classic edition (2009). This is the only way to understand how the book works, and to place it in the context of the usage guide tradition as a whole.

I’m interested in how the contents were collected, and also in how the book was received. After all, it isn’t the only one around. HUGE contains two other usage guides published in 2010. And I’d also like to know whether people actually buy it and find the advice useful, and whether their language use changes as a result.

There is a brief bibliography at the back, but it doesn’t refer to any of the better-known usage guides like Fowler, Gowers or Partridge, so these were probably not used as a source. We do find acknowledgements at the front, to “the numerous friends who contributed their pet hates and pedantries, especially Linda, who came up with lots of confusables [which is not a word, according to this blog’s spelling checker, but then blog isn’t either], and Carol, who has surprisingly strong views on fine-toothed combs”. So were the items collected just by asking around? Burchfield, too, the editor of the third edition of Fowler (1996), asked around when he wanted to find out about any new usage problems that existed, on “a single day at three separate social occasions in Oxford in early June 1989, two of them garden parties for academic members of the University of Oxford and the third a dinner party” (1991: 109).

As for the book’s reception, I searched Factiva, an online database which allows you to search newspapers and other documents for all kinds of information, but found only three references to the book and no reviews at all. Caroline Taggart‘s earlier, co-authored My Grammar and I (or should that be ‘Me”?), published only two years earlier, was mentioned and even discussed much more frequently in the press at the time.

Her Ladyship’s Guide bears the imprint of The National Trust, and I imagine that this ensures a wide potential readership.

National Trust

Did any of our readers pick up the book during a visit to a country house or other national heritage site? And if you did, did you actually read the book, as I’m doing, cover to cover, or do you consult it whenever you have a language question? And did you put it on display at home as it were, like a coffee-table book, and does that inspire questions or comments from friends when they visit? One of my informants along the way told me in a questionnaire about whether anyone ever used Fowler that she did so “only to win tedious arguments about grammar”. I expect Her Ladyship’s Guide may be used for the same purpose.

But mostly I’d like to know whether young people find the book useful, but also whether the book helps to put back the clock in getting rid of what are to the author unwanted words or expressions, like enjoy!, or chill!, item (in the sense of “couple”), plus, 24/7, no-brainer, happy bunny, or arm candy (I had to look that one up). The book is apparently written tongue-in-cheek, using Her Ladyship as a persona to guard the notion of “Elegant English”, but, really, its underlying tone is very serious indeed. So do let me know please.

Reference:

Burchfield, R.W. (1991), ‘The Fowler brothers and the tradition of usage handbooks’, in Gerhard Leitner (ed.), English Traditional Grammars: An International Perspective, Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 93-111.

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Practicing with the HUGE database

Last week we ran a workshop with a group of language professionals in which they explored the HUGE database with some practice searches. Those practice search questions are now also available on the database page so you can do the same.

IMG_4070b

The practice searches aim to cover all the parts and features of the HUGE database’s Query menu. Eight well-known usage problems are used as a jumping-off point for the practice searches: ain’t, between you and I, the dangling participle, literally, the split infinitive, that/which, very unique, and who/whom. I recommend having a look at the user manual first. You can request access to the database here, and leave feedback on your experience.

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HUGE for dummies (no offence … )

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On REsearch again

January is a month of correction work in our department: I calculated that I corrected some 200,000 words (!) of student work last month. (I only got likes when I announced this on facebook in the beginning of January.) I’m trying to get my students to avoid the word “research” when they can use “study” or “analysis” instead, and I tell them this is because I’m allergic to REsearch. I was partly successful this time I noticed. Good for me. But is it?

stress on the SECOND syllable

Going through Burchfield’s The Spoken Word: A BBC Guide (1981), in my search for the number of usage problems there are, I found that I’m right of course. The BBC too prescribes reSEARCH, or that is what they would appear to be doing if Burchfield’s Spoken Word may be taken as an indication of this (see Graham Pointon’s comments below). But the booklet also contains a lot of pronunciations that have changed since the early 1980s: HARRass, irREVocable, LAMentable, I don’t think anyone pronounces these words like that any more.

So what about REsearch? Am I perhaps becoming old-fashioned in my prescription of reSEARCH? What does the BBC recommend today?

Oh, and I forgot to add that Burchfield marks REsearch as giving particular offence among BBC listeners.

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The Mittins et al. survey continued

Perhaps you’d been wondering what had happened to our update of the Mittins et al. survey from 1970, of which we so far put only the first eight sets of usage problems to you for evaluation. There are fifteen sentences more to come, and here are the first five. Remember that multiple answers are possible. Thanks once again for participating!

 
 
 
 

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The HUGE database: data entry

We have just finished the last video about the compilation of the HUGE database. Watch it here on our YouTube channel.

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